1. Material Composition and Interfacial Design
1.1 Core-Shell Framework and Bonding Device
(Copper-Coated Steel Fibers)
Copper-coated steel fibers (CCSF) are composite filaments consisting of a high-strength steel core covered by a conductive copper layer, developing a metallurgically bonded core-shell design.
The steel core, usually low-carbon or stainless-steel, offers mechanical robustness with tensile toughness surpassing 2000 MPa, while the copper layer– normally 2– 10% of the complete diameter– imparts superb electric and thermal conductivity.
The user interface in between steel and copper is important for performance; it is engineered with electroplating, electroless deposition, or cladding procedures to guarantee solid adhesion and minimal interdiffusion under operational stresses.
Electroplating is one of the most typical method, supplying precise density control and uniform coverage on continuous steel filaments drawn through copper sulfate bathrooms.
Appropriate surface area pretreatment of the steel, including cleansing, pickling, and activation, ensures optimal nucleation and bonding of copper crystals, stopping delamination throughout succeeding handling or solution.
Over time and at raised temperature levels, interdiffusion can create breakable iron-copper intermetallic stages at the interface, which might jeopardize flexibility and lasting reliability– an obstacle reduced by diffusion obstacles or quick processing.
1.2 Physical and Functional Feature
CCSFs combine the very best features of both constituent steels: the high elastic modulus and fatigue resistance of steel with the exceptional conductivity and oxidation resistance of copper.
Electrical conductivity generally varies from 15% to 40% of International Annealed Copper Standard (IACS), relying on finish density and purity, making CCSF substantially much more conductive than pure steel fibers (
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